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Do You Know the Meaning of These Words in Your Favorite Christmas Carols?

Many of you, including our own blogger Nick, have suggested using American songs as a way to practice English. Well, the holiday season is filled with classic Christmas carols that are great for just that purpose.

Some Christmas carols have been around so long that they use beautiful archaic language like "hither and thither," which most English speakers can still recognize as meaning "here and there." But I bet even native English speakers don't know the meaning of some of these words that pop up in their favorite Christmas songs.

Lowing
Heard in: Away in a Manger

“The cattle are lowing, the poor baby wakes”

Lowing (verb) = Mooing

Verily, Riven
Heard in: Ding Dong Merrily on High

“Ding dong, verily the sky is riv’n with angel singing”

Verily (adverb) = Truly

Riven (adjective) = Split

Bobtails
Heard in: Jingle Bells

“Bells on bobtails ring, making spirits bright”

Bobtail (noun) = An animal that has had its tail cropped, usually a horse, dog or sheep. In this case, probably a horse with bells on its harness.

Incarnate
Heard in: Hark! The Herald Angels Sing

“Veiled in flesh the Godhead see, hail the incarnate deity”

Incarnate (adjective) = Embodied or represented in human form

League
Heard in: Good King Wenceslas

“Sire, he lives a good league hence underneath the mountain”

League (noun) = a measure of distance, equal to about 3 miles

Deck, Troll
Heard in: Deck the Halls

“Deck the halls with boughs of holly … Troll the ancient Yuletide carol”

Deck (verb) = Decorate

Troll (verb) = Sing

Heel
Heard in: You're a Mean One Mr. Grinch

“You’re a mean one, Mr. Grinch, you really are a heel”

Heel (noun) = an inconsiderate person

Once bitten, twice shy
Heard in: Last Christmas

“Once bitten and twice shy, I keep my distance”

Once bitten, twice shy (idiom) = Someone who has a bad experience will be more cautious next time

Thanks to Facebook fan Nelly for this suggestion!

Wassailing
Heard in: The Wassail Song (Here We Come A-Wassailing)

“Here we come a-wassailing among the leaves so green”

Wassailing (noun) = Caroling, Going door-to-door

Auld lang syne
Heard in: Auld Lang Syne

“Should auld acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne?” - Auld Lang Syne

Auld lang syne (phrase) = old times, times gone by (This is actually a Scots phrase, not an English one, but it’s sung every year around this time in the English-speaking world)

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Universities in Middle East building research relationships with China  

FILE - University students display the flag of the Communist Party of China to mark the party's 100th anniversary during an opening ceremony of the new semester in Wuhan in China's central Hubei, September 10, 2021.
FILE - University students display the flag of the Communist Party of China to mark the party's 100th anniversary during an opening ceremony of the new semester in Wuhan in China's central Hubei, September 10, 2021.

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Reporting for University World News, Yojana Sharma has the story. (March 2024)

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FILE - In this Feb. 26, 2019 photo, Sgt. Jason Cowger, with Johns Hopkins University's Campus Safety and Security department, walks on the university's campus in Baltimore.
FILE - In this Feb. 26, 2019 photo, Sgt. Jason Cowger, with Johns Hopkins University's Campus Safety and Security department, walks on the university's campus in Baltimore.

Recent news events have raised safety concerns among some international students studying in the United States.

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Some colleges are making digital literacy classes mandatory

FILE - A teacher librarian at a Connecticut high school, left, works with a student in a Digital Student class, Dec. 20, 2017. The required class teaches media literacy skills and has the students scrutinize sources for their on-line information.
FILE - A teacher librarian at a Connecticut high school, left, works with a student in a Digital Student class, Dec. 20, 2017. The required class teaches media literacy skills and has the students scrutinize sources for their on-line information.

A 2019 study by Stanford found that most college students can’t tell the difference between real and fake news articles. Amid rampant online disinformation, and the threat of AI-generated images, some schools are making students learn “digital literacy” to graduate.

Lauren Coffeey reports for Inside Higher Ed. (March 2024)

With federal student aid delays, students aren’t sure what college will cost 

File - Students make their way through the Sather Gate near Sproul Plaza on the University of California, Berkeley, campus March 29, 2022, in Berkeley, Calif.
File - Students make their way through the Sather Gate near Sproul Plaza on the University of California, Berkeley, campus March 29, 2022, in Berkeley, Calif.

The U.S. Department of Education’s federal student aid form (FAFSA) experienced serious glitches and delays this year.

Now, many students have been admitted to college, but don’t know how much money they’ll need to attend.

Read the story from Susan Svrluga and Danielle Douglas-Gabriel for The Washington Post. (March 2024)

Senator draws attention to universities that haven’t returned remains

Sen. Brian Schatz, D-Hawaii, speaks with reporters as he walks to a vote on Capitol Hill, Sept. 6, 2023 in Washington.
Sen. Brian Schatz, D-Hawaii, speaks with reporters as he walks to a vote on Capitol Hill, Sept. 6, 2023 in Washington.

More than 70 U.S. universities continue to hold human remains taken from Native American burial sites, although those remains were supposed to be returned 30 years ago.

Jennifer Bendery writes in Huffington Post that one senator has been using his position in an attempt to shame universities into returning remains and artifacts. (April 2024)

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